Umayyad Caliphate : Short History

The reign of the Umayyad dynasty was the golden age of Islamic Ummah. Territory stretching from India in the east, and into Spain in the west, and the entire continent of North Africa.

Science is also growing rapidly at that time. Many Muslim scholars who appear in the meantime. History of Muslim greatness that must be used as a lesson for Muslims today. Muslims should be able to maintain the greatness of the Islamic religion in order to remain on earth.

Umayyads name in Arabic means the child down the Umayyads, the Umayyad bin Abdul-Sham, one of the leaders of the Quraysh tribe. Abd al-Sham is the brother of Hashim, the descendants of both Abdul Manaf, the lower the Bani Hashim. From Bani Hashim is born of our Prophet is the Prophet Muhammad.

In the days before Islam, the Umayyad dynasty was always competing with the Bani Hashim, at that time, the Umayyad dynasty larger role in the community of Mecca. This is because they mengusai government and trade depend on the visitors the Ka’ba. On the other pahak, Banu Hashim are people who berekonomi simple.

Things began berubahpada time of the Prophet Muhammad., One of the Banu Hashim, a revelation from God Almighty. To develop the Islamic religion. With the adoption of Islam, the Umayyad dynasty was felt that the power and perokonomiannya threatened. Hence, they became the main opponents in the struggle of the Prophet Muhammad. Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, a member of the Umayyad dynasty, several times a leader of Quraysh of Mecca in the war against the Prophet Muhammad.

When Islam became stronger and able to seize Mecca, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, and it surrendered. Fathu called the incident occurred in Mecca and emigrated 8 years. Finally, Abu Sufyan and his son bib Mu’awiyyah Harb ibn Abu Sufyan, as the remnants of other people embraced Islam Mecca. This incident became the beginning of the Umayyad berperannya in Islamic history.

Umayyads in Damascus

1. Early establishment

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Islamic government is held by the Abu Bakr as-Sidiq At that time, the Umayyad dynasty felt that their classes in the class of the Ansar and immigrants. This is because, they entered Isalm the last wave. To have a class level, they must show their struggle in the war to defend Islam. When it Mua’wiyyah ibn Abu Sufyan credited with involvement in the war Riddah, to crush the heretic.

When Umar became Caliph, they were sent to Syria to fight against the Byzantines. For his services. Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan was appointed governor there.

In the reign of Uthman ibn Affan, Mu’awiyyah ibn Abu Sufyan was appointed governor of Syria to replace his brother. The Umayyads also have provisions that they became the ruler there, as the Quraysh gained power in Mecca. It also caused because of Uthman ibn Affan was one of the Umayyads.

The reign of Abi Talib Ali bib into the early Muslim disunity. This is caused by the death of Uthman ibn Affan who was killed in a riot. Mu’awiyyah ibn Abu Sufyan Ummaids party dissatisfied with the wisdom of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib in the murder case that Uthman ibn Affan. Therefore they do not acknowledge the caliphate of Ali ibn Abi Talib. In addition, Ali ibn Abi Talib disagree with Talhah, Zubair, and Aisha. This group was disappointed with the selection process of Ali ibn Abi Talib as the Caliph. This dispute culminated into Jamal War. In this war, Ali ibn Abi talib defeated Talhah, Zubair, and Aisha.

After the end of Jamal War, a dispute with the son of Abu Sufyan Mu’awiyyah finally erupted into war Siffin. on the border of Syria and Iraq. Once again there rivalry between the Umayyads and the Bani Hashim. In the war that happened peristiiwa Tahkim or arbitration. However, this incident again raises one group, Kharijites yaiitu, yaiitu people from the Ali bin Abi Talib tahkim disappointed over the events. Before the completion of the problem with Mu’awiyyah ibn Abu Sufyan, Ali ibn Abi Talib was killed by one of the Kharijites in the year 661 AD

The death of Ali ibn Abi Talib make Mu’awiyyah ibn Abu Sufyan announced his new sebagaii Khlifah with the center of Damascus, Syria. However, Hasan ibn Ali, the son of Ali bn Abi Talib, did not want to admit it. This sparked the conflict began among Muslims. Because not want to see conflict among Muslims, Hasan ibn Ali finally make a peace covenant with Mu’awiyyah ibn Abu Sufyan. Fusion events are known Muslims amul jama’ah and occurred in 41 AH or 661 AD

Early Government

Mu’aawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan started the 90-year reign of the Umayyad dynasty of Damascus. In the event that amul jama’ah starting point the Umayyad rule, Mu’awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan made a deal with Hasan ibn Ali. The contents of the agreement, ranging from the turn of the power that will be submitted to the council of Muslims. Muslims’ right to determine who should be Caliph. However, Abu Sufyan ibn Mu’aawiyah violated that agreement. He left hereditary caliphate to Umayyads members. This is what led to the emergence of resistance from the people who disappointed him.

The caliphs who ruled in the Umayyad period are as follows:

1. Mu’aawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (Mu’aawiyah 1) year 661-680 AD
2. Yazid ibn Mu’aawiyah (Yazid 1) year 680-683 AD
3. Mu’aawiyah ibn Yazid (Mu’aawiyah 2) years 683-684 AD
4. Marwan bin Hakam (Marwan I) in 684-685 AD
5. Abdul Malik bin Marwan. years 685-705 AD
6. Al-Walid ibn Abdul Malik (al-Walid I) in 705-715 AD
7. Sualiman bin Abdul Malik. years 715-717 AD
8. Umar bin Abdul Aziz (Umar II) years 717-720 AD
9. Yazid bin Abdul Malik (Yazid II) years 720-724 AD
10. Hisham bin Abdul Malik. years 724-743 AD
11. Walid ibn Yazid (al-walid II) years 743-744 AD
12. Yazid ibn al-Walid (Yazid III) in 744 AD
13. Ibrahim ibn al-Walid. 744 years
14. Marwan bin Muhammad (Marwan II) years 744-750 AD

From Damascus, the Umayyad dynasty to complete the expansion of Islam conquered the Persian empire and some of the Byzantine Empire. During the Mu’aawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, the Muslims with bin Nafi ‘Uqbah commanders and assisted tribal Berbers, North Africa, defeated the Byzantine army in North Africa. They also established Qairawan, in Morocco the country now, as a center of Islamic governance in Africa in the year 670 AD To the east, Muslims and Afghanistan Khurasa control. Byzantine naval attack on Constantinople.

In the reign of Abdul Malik bin Marwan, Muslims cross the Oxus river, occupied the region of Balkh, Bukhara, Khawarizm, Fergana, and Samarkhan. Muslims also entered India and mastering Balukistan, Sind, Punjab and Multan.

The spread of Islam followed in the Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik. In the year 711 AD Tariq ibn Ziyad conquered Al-jazair and Morocco. He even crossed into Spain and master Cordova, sevilla, Elvira, and Toledo. a mountain rock where Tariq bin Ziad landed in immortalized with his name, the mountain of Tariq and is now famous by the name Gibraltar. Where he crossed the Strait also called Gibraltar. Since then Islam began to spread in Europe and developing various kinds of knowledge from there.

At the time of Umar bin Abdul Aziz, the Muslims attacked Bordeaux, Politiers, and Tours in southern France with the commander Abd al-Gafiqi. At that time, the islands of the sea, like the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily fell partly the hands of Islam. Thus, the Islamic territory stretching from Spain, North Africa, Syria, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, to India.

In addition to regional expansion, the Umayyad dynasty also noted the progress of social and economic fields. Progress was, among others, the establishment of the post danas, printing currency, and professional appearance cadi formally institutionalized during Mu’aawiyah ibn abi Sufyan. Made Arabic the official language at the time of Abdul Malik bin Marwan. Pembanguna home for the disabled, highways, factories, mosques, and government buildings done in the Al-Walid bin Abdul Malik. At the time of Umar bin Abdul Aziz in peringan tax, mawali position, or non-Arab Muslims, likened his position with the Arabs. Umar bin Abdul Aziz also to reconnect with the Shi’ite groups, and give freedom to the followers of other religions to perform worship.